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Charles Darwin
Charles Darwin (1809-1882) was the English naturalist who proposed the
theory of evolution by Natural Selection.
Charles Darwin was born on
England.
On his father's side,
he was the grandson of Erasmus Darwin (who is himself famous as
a natural philosopher), and on his mother's, the grandson of
Josiah Wedgwood (famous for the industrialization of pottery manufacture).
Portrait of Charles Darwin (1809-82), 1840
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Richmond, George
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Charles Darwin was educated at
Edinburgh and
Cambridge
Universities, and famously went on a 5 year (1831 to 1836) voyage with
HMS Beagle - while the ship surveyed and charted coasts, Darwin
investigated geology and collected natural history specimens.
Hms Beagle" the Ship in Which Charles Darwin Sailed in the Straits of Magellan"
Giclee Print
Pritchett, R.t.
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Over the next few years, Darwin gradually developed his theory
of Natural Selection.
Darwin however held back from publishing his theory, perhaps
noting the storm of controversy caused by a popular-science
book about Lamarkian evolution,
Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation,
which was anonymously published (but written by a Scottish journalist,
Robert Chambers). Although, Darwin considered the science of
Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation to be weak,
it did allow to further develop his own work, and anticipate
potential counter-arguments.
In 1856, through his friend, the eminent geologist
Sir Charles Lyell, Darwin became aware of the work of
Alfred Russel Wallace, who seemed to be thinking along similar
lines to Darwin. Lyell urged Darwin to publish in order to establish
priority, and Darwin began work on a short paper - which eventually
grew into a large book. In 1857, Darwin sent an abstract of his book
to the American botanist, Asa Grey.
In 1858, while Darwin's own book was still only half complete,
Darwin received a paper from Wallace describing Natural Selection.
As a result, although Darwin himself could not attend since his baby son
had died of scarlet fever,
Darwin's friends Lyell and Joseph Dalton Hooker, made a joint presentation
to the Linnean Society on
July 1st.
Finally, in 1859,
Darwin published
"On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or The Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life "† (usually abbreviated to simply
"On the Origin of Species"† )
which was an immediate success, but also caused a storm of controversy.
"On the Origin of Species"† soon became a staple scientific text, and was translated into
many different languages. Despite a number of illnesses,
Darwin continued to publish many other books through the
remainder his life.
Charles Darwin
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Cameron, Julia...
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Darwin died in 1882, aged 71, and was given a state funeral
at
Westminister Abbey
(one of only five non-royals to ever receive this honor).
Even during his lifetime, many species and geographical places and locations
have been named after him, and this has continued through to the present
day. Many biographical and fictional works about Darwin's life have been
written, he has also been remembered on British currency
(including a special commemorative two pound coin issued in
2009)
and by Darwin Day, which marks the anniversary of his birth.
During Darwin's life,
the main opposition to his theory came from
religious people, and even today there
are many religious people who do not accept the idea of evolution or
Darwin's ideas in particular.
(although in
2008
the Church of England issued an apology stating
"for misunderstanding you and, by getting our first reaction wrong, encouraging others to misunderstand you still").
As far as the scientific community is concerned,
although the idea of evolution was quickly and widely accepted,
it took quite a few years until Darwin's mechanism, Natural Selection,
was generally accepted as the process by which evolution occurred - indeed
it was not until the development of the "Modern Evolutionary Synthesis"
(which combined Darwin's theory of Natural Selection with Mendelian genetics)
in the 1930s.
Today however, although there remains debate about various detailed technical
issues, Natural Selection and Mendelian genetics together form the basis
of our understanding of biology.
Related Information & Resources
See Also
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Related Books
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By Charles Darwin
NYU Press
Released: 2010-02-15
Paperback (512 pages)
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Charles Robert Darwin (1809–1882) has been widely recognized since his own time as one of the most influential writers in the history of Western thought. His books were widely read by specialists and the general public, and his influence had been extended by almost continuous public debate over the past 150 years. New York University Press's new paperback edition makes it possible to review Darwin's public literary output as a whole, plus his scientific journal articles, his private notebooks, and his correspondence. This is complete edition contains all of Darwin's published books, featuring definitive texts recording original pagination with Darwin's indexes retained. The set also features a general introduction and index, and introductions to each volume. |
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By Charles Darwin
Empire Books
Paperback (320 pages)
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In 1831, naturalist and geologist Charles Darwin joined the Beagle expedition to Tierra del Fuego. What he observed when he got to the new world would eventually lead him to formulate his theory of natural selection. Published in 1859, “On the Origin of the Species” is the controversial classic that revolutionized natural science and altered our understanding of the world. |
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By Rebecca Stefoff
Oxford University Press, USA
Hardcover (128 pages)
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On the Origin of Species, published in 1858, transformed our view of the world and made Charles Darwin one of the most controversial figures in science. This biography begins much earlier with his long search for a profession, his five-year voyage around the world on the Beagle, and the decades-long intellectual journey he made in his study and garden. But it is for his theory about the origin of man and natural selection that he is remembered. His book threw the scientific community into a heated debate that continues today, and has made evolutionary biology one of the liveliest areas of science. This new biography looks at the person behind the controversy whose earth- shaking discoveries and ideas remain as exciting and interesting as today's headlines.
Oxford Profiles in Science is an on-going series of scientific biographies for young adults. Written by top scholars and writers, each biography examines the personality of its subject as well as the thought process leading to his or her discoveries. These illustrated biographies combine accessible technical information with compelling personal stories to portray the scientists whose work has shaped our understanding of the natural world. |
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By Sandra Herbert
Bedford/St. Martin's
Paperback (160 pages)
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The publication of Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species in 1859 is widely regarded as a turning point in knowledge of the natural world. But Darwin's theory of natural selection was not developed in a vacuum; rather, it represents the culmination of an enormous shift in scientific and popular opinion on the subject of species mutability from the late eighteenth century onward. Through her insightful introduction and engaging collection of documents, Sandra Herbert examines this era of scientific thought and the startling discoveries that led Darwin and others to the conclusion that life has evolved. A wide range of documents from over a dozen authors -- including letters, illustrations, scientific tracts, and excerpts from Darwin's own notebooks and On the Origin of Species -- offer a fascinating glimpse into this crucial era of scientific thought. Thoughtful document headnotes, questions for consideration, a chronology, and a selected bibliography provide students with additional context and pedagogical support. |
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By Charles Darwin
Hackett Pub Co
Hardcover (356 pages)
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Designed for use in a broad range of courses in the humanities, Darwin's theory is laid out in a concise general Introduction and followed up in short chapter introductions. Each chapter concludes with an excerpt from Darwin's correspondence, commenting on the work in question, and its significance, impact, and reception. Two short appendixes are included-the first three chapters from Malthus, 'On Population', which gave Darwin the idea for natural selection and the paper by Wallace that motivated Darwin to abandon the "Big Species Book" and write "Origin of Species". |
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By Charles Darwin
W. W. Norton & Company
Hardcover (1706 pages)
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Hailed as "superior" by Nature, this landmark volume is available in a collectible, boxed edition. Never before have the four great works of Charles Darwin—Voyage of the H.M.S. Beagle (1845), The Origin of Species (1859), The Descent of Man (1871), and The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals (1872)—been collected under one cover. Undertaking this challenging endeavor 123 years after Darwin's death, two-time Pulitzer Prize winner Edward O. Wilson has written an introductory essay for the occasion, while providing new, insightful introductions to each of the four volumes and an afterword that examines the fate of evolutionary theory in an era of religious resistance. In addition, Wilson has crafted a creative new index to accompany these four texts, which links the nineteenth-century, Darwinian evolutionary concepts to contemporary biological thought. Beautifully slipcased, and including restored versions of the original illustrations, From So Simple a Beginning turns our attention to the astounding power of the natural creative process and the magnificence of its products. 101 illustrations |
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By Charles Darwin
Dover Publications
Paperback (528 pages)
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Published on the anniversary of the great naturalist's 200th birthday, these excerpts from Darwin's landmark work build on the evolutionary concepts introduced in On the Origin of Species. Based upon the original edition, this abridgement by a noted Darwinian scholar offers a highly readable version of an important book. |
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By Ken Ham
Master Books
Paperback (205 pages)
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Join Answers in Genesis president Ken Ham and president of Crossroads Bible College Dr Charles Ware as they examine the racist historical roots of evolutionary thought and what the Bible has to say about this disturbing issue. This fascinating book gives a thorough history of the effect of evolution on the history of the United States, including slavery and the civil rights movement, and goes beyond to show the global harvest of death and tragedy which stems from Darwin's controversial theories. You will also learn what the Christian's view of racism should be and what the Bible has to say about it in a compassionate and uniquely compelling perspective. |
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By Charles Darwin
Signet Classics
Released: 2009-09-01
Mass Market Paperback (576 pages)
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The classic that exploded into public controversy, revolutionized the course of science, and continues to transform our views of the world.
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By Dorothy Hinshaw Patent
Holiday House
Hardcover (224 pages)
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Patent debunks several commonly held beliefs about Darwin as she explores the life of the young man, "ill suited to education," who would turn the world of science upside down. A poor student, Darwin preferred hunting to scholarship, and he drifted from medicine to the clergy in search of a suitable career. He satisfied his personal curiosity by taking geology and botany courses, and it was a geology connection that led him to board the Beagle. Patent recounts his momentous four-year journey, noting that it was not some epiphany in the Galapagos that led to his theory of natural selection. Rather, he came to it slowly, after returning home and applying other scientists' ideas about biological adaptation to his firsthand observations. Throughout, the author balances the man as scientist with the man as devoted husband and father, building a blended portrait of an individual who let his observations shape his beliefs instead of the other way around. Numerous black-and-white photographs and illustrations add visual appeal, and a chronology, a map, notes, and a glossary are appended. |
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