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Charles Darwin
Charles Darwin (1809-1882) was the English naturalist who proposed the
theory of evolution by Natural Selection.
Charles Darwin was born on
England.
On his father's side,
he was the grandson of Erasmus Darwin (who is himself famous as
a natural philosopher), and on his mother's, the grandson of
Josiah Wedgwood (famous for the industrialization of pottery manufacture).
Charles Darwin was educated at
Edinburgh and
Cambridge
Universities, and famously went on a 5 year (1831 to 1836) voyage with
HMS Beagle - while the ship surveyed and charted coasts, Darwin
investigated geology and collected natural history specimens.
HMS Beagle painted by Conrad Martens:
Over the next few years, Darwin gradually developed his theory
of Natural Selection.
Darwin however held back from publishing his theory, perhaps
noting the storm of controversy caused by a popular-science
book about Lamarkian evolution,
Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation,
which was anonymously published (but written by a Scottish journalist,
Robert Chambers). Although, Darwin considered the science of
Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation to be weak,
it did allow to further develop his own work, and anticipate
potential counter-arguments.
In 1856, through his friend, the eminent geologist
Sir Charles Lyell, Darwin became aware of the work of
Alfred Russel Wallace, who seemed to be thinking along similar
lines to Darwin. Lyell urged Darwin to publish in order to establish
priority, and Darwin began work on a short paper - which eventually
grew into a large book. In 1857, Darwin sent an abstract of his book
to the American botanist, Asa Grey.
In 1858, while Darwin's own book was still only half complete,
Darwin received a paper from Wallace describing Natural Selection.
As a result, although Darwin himself could not attend since his baby son
had died of scarlet fever,
Darwin's friends Lyell and Joseph Dalton Hooker, made a joint presentation
to the Linnean Society on
July 1st.
Finally, in 1859,
Darwin published
"On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or The Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life"
(usually abbreviated to simply
"On the Origin of Species "
which was an immediate success, but also caused a storm of controversy.
"On the Origin of Species"
soon became a staple scientific text, and was translated into
many different languages. Despite a number of illnesses,
Darwin continued to publish many other books through the
remainder his life.
Charles Darwin in 1868:
Darwin died in 1882, aged 71, and was given a state funeral
at
Westminister Abbey
(one of only five non-royals to ever receive this honor).
Even during his lifetime, many species and geographical places and locations
have been named after him, and this has continued through to the present
day. Many biographical and fictional works about Darwin's life have been
written, he has also been remembered on British currency
(including a special commemorative two pound coin issued in
2009)
and by Darwin Day, which marks the anniversary of his birth.
During Darwin's life,
the main opposition to his theory came from
religious people, and even today there
are many religious people who do not accept the idea of evolution or
Darwin's ideas in particular.
(although in
2008
the Church of England issued an apology stating
"for misunderstanding you and, by getting our first reaction wrong, encouraging others to misunderstand you still").
As far as the scientific community is concerned,
although the idea of evolution was quickly and widely accepted,
it took quite a few years until Darwin's mechanism, Natural Selection,
was generally accepted as the process by which evolution occurred - indeed
it was not until the development of the "Modern Evolutionary Synthesis"
(which combined Darwin's theory of Natural Selection with Mendelian genetics)
in the 1930s.
Today however, although there remains debate about various detailed technical
issues, Natural Selection and Mendelian genetics together form the basis
of our understanding of biology.
Caricature of Charles Darwin as an ape
(from The Hornet magazine 1871):
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By Charles Darwin
Signet
Released: September 2nd, 2003
Cream Mass Market Paperback (576 pages)
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The Origin of Species: 150th Anniversary Edition- Manufacturer: Signet
- Brand: Signet
- ISBNs: 0451529065, 9780451529060
- EAN: 9780451529060
- PartNumber: 1729756
Details:- Product Category: Mass Market Paperback
- Format: Illustrated
- Edition: 150th Anniversary ed.
- Number of Pages: 576
- Author: Charles Darwin
- Publication Date: September 2nd, 2003
- Release Date: September 2nd, 2003
Physical Description:- Size: 6.75 Inches by 4.19 Inches by 0.83 Inches
- Weight: 0.6 Pounds
- Color: Cream
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By Charles Darwin
Bantam Classics
Released: June 1st, 1999
Cream Mass Market Paperback (512 pages)
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The Origin of Species- Manufacturer: Bantam Classics
- Brand: Bantam Classics
- ISBNs: 0553214632, 9780553214635
- EAN: 9780553214635
- PartNumber: 9780553214635
Details:- Product Category: Mass Market Paperback
- Edition: Reissue
- Number of Pages: 512
- Author: Charles Darwin
- Publication Date: June 1st, 1999
- Release Date: June 1st, 1999
Physical Description:- Size: 6.9 Inches by 4.2 Inches by 0.8 Inches
- Weight: 0.48722159902 Pounds
- Color: Cream
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By Charles Darwin
Darwin, Charles
Released: September 6th, 2005
Paperback (128 pages)
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On Natural Selection (Penguin Great Ideas)- Manufacturer: Penguin Books
- Brand: Darwin, Charles
- ISBN: 0143036300
- EAN: 9780143036302
- PartNumber: 9780143036302
Details:- Paperback
- Number of Pages: 128
- Author: Charles Darwin
- Publication Date: September 6th, 2005
- Release Date: September 6th, 2005
Physical Description:- Size: 7.1 Inches by 4.3 Inches by 0.33 Inches
- Weight: 0.22 Pounds
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By Dr. John van Wyhe
Welbeck
Released: February 4th, 2020
Paperback (128 pages)
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Charles Darwin (The Compact Guide)- Manufacturer: Welbeck Publishing
- Brand: Welbeck
- ISBN: 0233006184
- EAN: 9780233006185
Details:- Paperback
- Edition: Compact
- Number of Pages: 128
- Author: Dr. John van Wyhe
- Publication Date: February 4th, 2020
- Release Date: February 4th, 2020
Physical Description:- Size: 7.8 Inches by 5.3 Inches by 0.5 Inches
- Weight: 0.3 Pounds
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Crown Books for Young Readers
Released: October 29th, 2019
Silver Hardcover (64 pages)
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Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species- Manufacturer: Crown Books for Young Readers
- Brand: Crown Books for Young Readers
- ISBN: 1984894919
- EAN: 9781984894915
- PartNumber: Illustrations, unspecified
Details:- Hardcover
- Formats: Illustrated, Picture Book
- Edition: Illustrated
- Number of Pages: 64
- Publication Date: October 29th, 2019
- Release Date: October 29th, 2019
Physical Description:- Size: 11.25 Inches by 9.0 Inches by 0.49 Inches
- Weight: 1.1 Pounds
- Color: Silver
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By Charles Darwin
Sapling Books
Released: November 15th, 2020
Hardcover (352 pages)
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The Origin of Species (Royal Collector's Edition) (Annotated) (Case Laminate Hardcover with Jacket)- Manufacturer: Sapling Books
- Brand: Sapling Books
- ISBN: 1774378396
- EAN: 9781774378397
Details:- Hardcover
- Number of Pages: 352
- Author: Charles Darwin
- Publication Date: November 15th, 2020
- Release Date: November 15th, 2020
Physical Description:- Size: 9.0 Inches by 6.0 Inches by 0.94 Inches
- Weight: 1.5101664947 Pounds
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"
which was an immediate success, but also caused a storm of controversy.
